Gamma Spectral

• Adams, J.A.S., 1964, Laboratory gamma-ray spectrometer for geochemical studies, in Adams, J. A. S., and Lowder, W. M., eds., The natural radiation environment: Chicago, University of Chicago Press, p. 485-497.



• Adams, J.A.S., and Fryer, G.E., 1964, Portable gamma-ray spectrometer for field determination of thorium, uranium, and potassium, in Adams, J. A. S., and Lowder, W. M., eds., The natural radiation environment: Chicago, University of Chicago Press, p. 577-596.



• Adams, J.A.S., and Lowder, W.M., 1964, Properties of the uranium and thorium series, in Adams, J. A. S., and Lowder, W. M., eds., The natural radiation environment: Chicago, University of Chicago Press, p. 1033-1036.



• Atwater, J.E., Correlation of cation exchange capacity with core spectral gamma ray logs: Society of Professional Well Log Analysts Annual Logging Symposium, 1986, 27th, Houston, Tex., Transactions, p. QQ1-QQ16.



• Baicker, J.A., 1982, In-situ ore grade determinations and other applications of high-resolution gamma ray spectroscopy in mineral and oil logging: Society of Mining Engineers of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers Paper SPE 82-365, 9 p.



• Baranov, V.I., and Khristianova, L.A., 1966, Radioactivity of ocean deposits, in Chemistry of the earth's crust: U.S.S.R., Academy of the Sciences, v. 1, p. 425-432.



• Bowman, W.W., 1979, Development of a borehole probe detector for measurement of radionuclide transport in ground water, in Savannah River Laboratory Environmental Transport and Effects Research, Annual Report: Aiken, S.C., E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co., Inc., p. 111-112. [Available from National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 as NTIS Report DP-1526.]



• Boynton, G.R., 1975, Canister cryogenic system for cooling germanium semiconductor detectors in borehole and marine probes: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, v. 123, no. 3, p. 599-603.



• Brannon, H.R., Jr., and Osoba, J.S., 1956, Spectral gamma-ray logging: Journal of Petroleum Technology, v. 8, no. 2, p. 30-35.



• Bristow, Quentin, 1977, A system for the offline processing of borehole gamma- ray spectrometry data on a nova minicomputer, in Report of activities, part. A: Geological Survey of Canada Paper 77-1A, p. 87-89.



• Brodzinski, R.L., 1981, In situ subterranean determination of actinides by high resolution gamma-ray spectrometry: International Atomic Energy Agency, 14 p. [Available from National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 as NTIS Report PNL-SA-8992.]



• Brodzinski, R.L., and Nielson, H.L., 1980, A well logging technique for the in situ determination of Sr: Nuclear Instruments and Methods of Physics Research 173, p. 299-301.



• Bunker, C.M., and Bush, C.A., 1981, Radioelement distribution in a 3.06-kilometer drill hole in Precambrian crystalline rocks, Wind River Mountains, Wyoming, in Shorter contributions to isotope research in the Western United States, 1980: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 199-A-E, p. 7-14.



• Caldwell, R.L., and others, 1963, Gamma-ray spectroscopy in well logging: Geophysics, v. 28, no. 4, p. 617-632.



• Christell, Roland, Ljunggren, K., and Landstrom, Ove, 1976, Brief review of developments in nuclear geophysics in Sweden: Nuclear Geophysics in Sweden, p. 21-45.



• Clark, G.C., 1980, Field trial of CSIRO intrinsic germanium and natural gamma sirolog probes at Amdel Uranium calibration test pits: Institute of Earth Resources, CSIRO, 27 p. [Available from National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 as NTIS Report DE 82780248.]



• Close, D.A., Evans, M.L., and Jain, Mahavir, 1980, Gamma-ray spectral calculations for uranium borehole logging: Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, 60 p. [Available from National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 as NTIS Report LA-8417-MS.]



• Conaway, J.G., and Bristow, Quentin, 1981, Pitfalls in quantitative gamma ray logging--Calibration sleeves and Am temperature stabilization: Society of Professional Well Log Analysts Annual Logging Symposium, 22d, Mexico City, Mexico, 1981, Transactions, p. X1-X10.



• Conaway, J.G., and Killeen, P.G., 1980, Gamma-ray spectral logging for uranium: Canadian Mining and Metallurgical Bulletin, v. 73, no. 813, p. 115-123.



• Doig, Ronald, 1968, The natural gamma-ray flex--In-situ analysis: Geophysics, v. 33, no. 2, p. 311-328.



• Dumesnil, Patrice, 1983, A new probe for gamma spectrometric logging: European Formation Evaluation Symposium, 8th, London, England, 1983, Transactions, p. T1-T4.



• _____1983, Gamma-ray spectrometry applied to down-hole logging: Cracow, Poland, A.I.E.A. Consultants' Meeting on Nuclear Data for Bore-hole and Bulk-Media Assay Using Nuclear Techniques, 1983, 4 p. [Available from National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 as NTIS Report DE84751069.]



• Durrance, E.M., 1986, Radioactivity in geology, principles and applications in Ellis Horwood Series in Geology, eds., O. T. Donovan and J. W. Murry: New York, Halsted Press, Div. of John Wiley, 424 p.



• Duffey, D., El-Kady, A., and Senftle, F.E., 1970, Analytical sensitivities and energies of thermal-neutron-capture gamma rays: Nuclear Instruments and Methods of Physics Research, v. 80, no. 1, p. 149-171.



• Ebert, P.J., and Lauzon, A.F., 1966, Measurement of gamma ray induced secondary electron current from various elements: Transactions of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Nuclear Science Series, v. 13, p. 735-741.



• Eldridge, J.S., and Oakes, T.W., 1978, Gamma-ray spectral determinations with a portable analyzer: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 8 p. [Available from National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA22161 as NTIS Report CONF-780110-6.]



• Ellis, D.V., 1982, Correction of NGT logs for the presence of KC1 and barite muds: Society of Professional Well Log Analysts Annual Logging Symposium, 23d, Corpus Christi, Tex., 1982, Transactions, p. O1-O12.



• Evans, H.B., and others, 1979, A borehole gamma ray spectrometer for uranium exploration: Society of Professional Well Log Analysts Annual Logging Symposium, 20th, Tulsa, Okla., 1979, Transactions, p. X1-X33.



• Evans, M. L., 1981, A computer model for calculating gamma-ray pulse-height spectra for logging applications: Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, 13 p. [Available from National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 as NTIS Report CONF-810228-1.]



• Evans, M.L., Close, D.A., and Jain, Mahavir, 1982, Transport of gamma rays through an infinite homogeneous ore medium: Society of Petroleum Engineers of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers Paper SPE 11145, 24 p.



• Fertl, W.H., and Frost, E., Jr., 1982, Experiences with natural gamma ray spectral logging in North America: Society of Petroleum Engineers of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers Paper SPE 11145, 24 p.



• Fertl, W.H. 1986, Clay typing based on well logs: Annual Technical Meeting of the Petroleum Society of CIM, 37th, Calgary, Canada, 1986, Paper no. 86-37-18, p. 257-272.



• _____1979, Gamma ray spectral data assists in complex formation evaluation: Log Analyst, v. 20, no. 5, p. 3-37.



• Fertl, W.H., and Rieke, H.H., III, 1979, Gamma ray spectral evaluation techniques identify fractured shale reservoirs and source rock characteristics: Society of Petroleum Engineers, of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers Paper SPE 8454, 14 p.



• Fertl, W.H., Welker, D.W., and Hopkinson, E.C., 1978, The Dresser Atlas spectralog--A look at basic principles, field applications and interpretive concepts of gamma ray spectral logging: Soviet-American Formation Evaluation Symposium, Ufa, Bashkiria, U.S.S.R., 1978, Technical paper, 40 p.



• Gadeken, L.L., Arnold, D.M., and Smith, H.D., Jr., 1984, Applications of the compensated spectral natural gamma tool: Society of Professional Well Log Analysts Annual Logging Symposium, 25th, New Orleans, La., 1984, Transactions, p. JJJ1-JJJ19.



• Gadeken, L.L., Smith, H.D., Jr., and Seifert, D.J., 1987, Calibration and analysis of borehole and formation sensitivities for gamma ray spectroscopy measurements with multiple radioactive tracers: Society of Professional Well Log Analysts Annual Logging Symposium, 28th, 1987, London, England, Transactions, p. V1-V24.



• Gearhart, D.A., and Mathis, G.L., 1986, Development of a spectral litho-density logging tool by use of empirical methods: Society of Professional Well Log Analysts European Symposium, 10th, Aberdeen, Scotland, 1986, Transactions, p. DD1-DD18.



• George, D.C., and Knight, Larry, 1982, Field calibration facilities for environmental measurement of radium, thorium, and potassium: U.S. Department of Energy, Nuclear Energy Programs, Division of Remedial Action Projects, 53 p. [Available from National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 as NTIS Report DE83003854.]



• George, D.C., and others, 1978, A borehole gamma-ray spectrometer for uranium exploration: Grand Junction, Colo., Bendix Field Engineering Corp., 53 p. [Available from National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 as NTIS Report GJBX-82(78).]



• Gilchrist, W.A., Jr., and others, 1982, Application of gamma ray spectroscopy to formation evaluation: Society of Professional Well Log Analysts Annual Logging Symposium, 23rd, Corpus Christi, Tex., 1982, Transactions, p. B1-B28.



• Goldman, L.H., and Marr, H.E., 1979, Applications of high resolution gamma ray spectroscopy to well logging: Society of Professional Well Log Analysts Annual Logging Symposium, 20th, Tulsa, Okla., 1979, Transactions, 8 p.



• Grasty, R.L., 1979, Gamma ray spectrometric methods in uranium exploration-- Theory and operational procedures in Geophysics and geochemistry in the search for metallic ores: Geological Survey of Canada Economic Geology Report 31, p. 147-161.



• Grasty, R.L., and Darnley, A.G., 1971, The calibration of gamma-ray spectrometers for ground and airborne use: Geological Survey of Canada Paper 71-17, p. 1-27.



• Heath, R.L., 1964, Scintillation spectrometry gamma-ray spectrum catalogue (2d ed., v. 2): U.S. Atomic Energy Commissions, 287 p. [Available from National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 as NTIS Report IDO-16880-2.]



• Heath, R.L., and others, 1965, The calculation of gamma-ray shapes for sodium iodide scintillation spectrometers--Computer programs and experimental problems: U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, 158 p. [Available from National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 as NTIS Report IDO-17017.]



• Heflin, J.D., and Nettleton, K.A., 1980, Formation evaluation utilizing gamma ray spectral analysis: Society of Petroleum Engineers of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers Paper SPE 9042, 7 p.



• Jacobson, L.A., Beals, R., Wyatt, D.F., Jr., and Hrametz, A., 1991, Response characterization of an induced gamma spectrometry tool using a bismuth germanate scintillator: Society of Professional Well Log Analysts Logging Symposium, 32nd, Midland, Tex., 1991, Transactions, p. LL1-LL18.



• Keys, W.S., Senftle, F.E., and Tanner, A.B., 1979, Use of NaI(Tl) and germanium detectors for in situ gamma-ray spectral monitoring of boreholes at nuclear waste-disposal sites: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1220, 23 p.



• Killeen, P.G., 1979, Gamma ray spectrometric methods in uranium exploration-- Application and interpretation, in Geophysics and geochemistry in the search for metallic ores: Geological Survey of Canada Economic Geology Report 31, p. 163-229.



• Killeen, P.G., and Carmichael, C.M., 1970, Gamma-ray spectrometer calibration for field analysis of thorium, uranium and potassium: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 7, no. 4, p. 1093-1098.



• Koizumi, C.J., 1985, Computer determination of calibration and environmental corrections for a natural spectral gamma ray logging system: Society of Petroleum Engineers of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers Paper SPE 14186, 6 p.



• Lock, G.A., and Hoyer, W.A., 1971, Natural gamma-ray spectral logging [abs.]: Society of Professional Well Log Analysts Annual Logging Symposium, 12th, Dallas, Tex., 1971, Transactions, p. AA1.



• Locke, S., Dudek, J., Barnett, C., and Hubner, B., 1991, Theory, response, and calibration of an MWD neutron porosity sensor employing sidewall-mounted Li6 glass scintillation neutron detectors and spectral processing: Society of Professional Well Log Analysts Logging Symposium, 32nd, Midland, Tex., 1991, Transactions, p. F1-F23.



• Lovborg, Lief, 1967, A portable-spectrometer for field use: Danish Atomic Energy Commission, Research Establishment Riso Report no. 168, 36 p.



• Lovborg, Leif, Wollenberg, Harold, Rose-Hansen, John, and Nielsen, B.L., 1972, Drill-core scanning for radioelements by gamma-ray spectrometry: Geophysics, v. 37, no. 4, p. 675-693.



• Mahdavi, Azizeh, 1964, The thorium, uranium, and potassium contents of Atlantic and Gulf Coast beach sands, in Adams, J. A. S., and Lowder, W. M., eds., The natural radiation environment: Chicago, University of Chicago Press, p. 87-114.



• Mathews, M.A., and others, 1986, Low radioactivity spectral gamma calibration facility: Society of Professional Well Log Analysts Annual Logging Symposium, 1986, 27th, Houston, Tex., Transactions, p. NN1-NN15.



• Mathews, M.A., Koizumi, C.J., and Evans, H.B., 1978, DOE-Grand Junction logging model data synopsis: U.S. Department of Energy, 52 p. [Available from National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 as NTIS Report GJBX-76(78).]



• Mathis, G.L., and others, 1984, A spectral gamma ray (SRG) tool: Society of Professional Well Log Analysts Annual Logging Symposium, 25th, New Orleans, La., 1984, Transactions, p. W1-W21.



• McCain, R.G., Koizumi, C.J., and Bertsch, J.F., 2000, High resolution spectral gamma logging at the Hanford tank farms, in Powers, M.H., Ibrahim, Abou-Bakr, and Cramer, Lynn, comp. and eds., Proceedings of the Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems, Feb. 20-24, 2000: Wheat Ridge, Colo., Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society, p. 1127-1136.



• Mellor, D.W., and Underwood, M.C., 1985, Formation properties from high resolution neutron activation gamma-ray spectra: Society of Professional Well Log Analysts Annual Logging Symposium, 26th, Dallas, Tex., 1985, Transactions, p. FFF1-FFF26.



• Moake, G.L., 1991, A new approach to determining compensated density and Pe values with a spectral-density tool: Society of Professional Well Log Analysts Logging Symposium, 32nd, Midland, Tex., 1991, Transactions, p. Z1-Z24.



• Moll, S.H., 1980, Spectral gamma logging in the Copper Mountain Uranium District--A case study in fractured quartz monzonite: Society of Professional Well Log Analysts Annual Logging Symposium, 21st, Lafayette, La., 1980, Transactions, p. O1-O19.



• Moxham, R.M., and Tanner, A.B., 1977, High-resolution gamma-ray spectrometry in uranium exploration: U.S. Geological Survey Journal of Research, v. 5, no. 6, p. 783-795.



• Nielson, H.L., Wogman, N.A., and Brodzinski, R.L., 1977, In situ subterranean gamma-ray spectroscopy: Nuclear Instruments and Methods of Physics Research, v. 143, p. 385-389.



• Nix, D.W., Powers, R.P., and Kanipe, L.G., 1979, Application of germanium detectors to environmental monitoring: Tennessee Valley Authority, TVA/EP-79/06, 123 p. [Available from National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 as NTIS Report EPA-600/7-79-054.]



• Quirein, J.A., Gardner, J.S., and Watson, J.T., 1982, Combined natural gamma ray spectral/lith-density measurements applied to complex lithologies: Society of Petroleum Engineers of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers Paper SPE 11143, 14 p.



• Rhodes, D.F., and Mott, W.E., 1966, Quantitative interpretation of gamma-ray spectral logs: Geophysics, v. 31, no. 2, p. 410-418.



• Schenewerk, P.A., and others, 1980, Natural gamma-ray spectral logging aids-- Granite Wash Reservoir evaluation: Society of Professional Well Log Analysts Annual Logging Symposium, 21st, Lafayette, La., 1980, Transactions, p. BB1-BB23.



• Schimschal, Ulrich, 1980, Quantitative effects of lithology, borehole environment, and probe design in gamma spectral logging with scintillation crystals: Log Analyst, v. 21, no. 5, p. 3-10.



• _____1980, Scintillation detectors in gamma spectral logging--Geometry, absorption, and calibration: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-688, 33 p.



• _____1981, Mathematical model of gamma-ray spectrometry borehole logging for quantitative analysis: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-402, 26 p.



• Schonfeld, Ernest, 1966, Alpha M - an improved computer program for determining radioisotopes by least-squares resolution of the gamma-ray spectra: U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, ORNL-3975, 78 p.



• Scott, H.D., 1989, Analysis of samples from the API K-U-Th logging calibration facility: Society of Professional Well Log Analysts Logging Symposium, 30th, Denver, Colo., 1989, Transactions, p. MM1-MM25.



• Schweitzer, J.S., Manente, R.A., and Herzog, R.C., 1982, Gamma-ray spectroscopy tool environment effects: Society of Petroleum Engineers of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers Paper SPE 11144, 11 p.



• Senftle, F.E., 1980, Application of gamma-ray spectral analysis to subsurface mineral exploration, in Muelke, G. K., ed., Short course in neutron activation analysis in the geosciences: Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course Handbook, v. 5, chap. 8, p. 211-254.



• Serra, Oberto, Baldwin, J.L., and Quirein, J.A., 1980, Theory interpretation and practical applications of natural gamma ray spectroscopy: Society of Professional Well Log Analysts Annual Logging Symposium, 21st, Lafayette, La., 1980, Transactions, p. Q1-130.



• Smith, Jr., H.D., and Robbins, C.A., 1985, Determination of casing thickness using a gain stabilized gamma ray spectroscopy technique: European patent EP 0134626, 23 p.



• Smith, H.D., Robbins, C.A., Arnold, D.M., Gadeken, L.L., and Deaton, J.G., 1983, A multi-function compensated spectral natural gamma ray logging system: Society of Petroleum Engineers of the American American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers Paper SPE 12050, 15 p.



• Stromswold, D.C., and Kosanke, K.L., 1978, Calibration and error analysis for spectral radiation detectors: Transactions of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Nuclear Science Series, v. NS-25, no.1, p. 782- 786.



• _____1979, Spectral gamma-ray logging, I--Energy stabilization methods: Society of Professional Well Log Analysts Annual Logging Symposium, 20th, Tulsa, Okla., 1979, Transactions, p. DD1-DD20.



• Stromswold, D.C., and Wilson, R.D., 1981, Calibration and data correction techniques for spectral gamma-ray logging: Society of Professional Well Log Analysts Annual Logging Symposium, 22d, Mexico City, Mexico, 1981, Transactions, p. M1-M18.



• Stuart, T.P., 1977, Limiting values for radionuclide concentration in the soil from remote spectrometer measurements: Las Vegas, Nev., Aerial Measuring Systems, 31 p. [Available from National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 as NTIS Report EGG-1183-1716.]



• Tanner, A.B., Moxham, R.M., and Senftle, F.E., 1977, Assay for uranium and determination of disequilibrium by means of in situ high-resolution gamma- ray spectrometry: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-571, 22 p.



• Taylor, T.A., 1986, Application of gamma spectral logging to ground-water investigations: National Water Well Association Conference and Exposition, Denver, Colo., 1986 [Proceedings], p. 527-544.



• _____1989, Correlation in abnormal gamma readings with fluid movement through fractures in a formation by use of gamma-spectral logs: Symposium on Borehole Geophysics for Minerals Geotechnical, and Groundwater Applications, 3rd, Las Vegas, Nev., 1989, [Proceedings], p. AA471-AA499.



• West, F.G., and Laughlin, A.W., 1976, Spectral gamma logging in crystalline basement rocks: Geology, v. 4, p.617-618.



• West, Leon, Umbarger, C. J., and Dempsey, Thomas, 1978, A germanium detector system for the detection of transuranics at low-activity concentrations in soil: Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, 12 p. [Available from National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 as NTIS Report CONF-780110-10.]



• Westaway, Peter, Hertzog, R.C., and Plasek, R.E., 1980, The gamma spectrometer tool inelastic and capture gamma-ray spectroscopy for reservoir analysis: Society of Petroleum Engineers of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers Paper SPE 9461, 16 p.



• Wichmann, P. A., McWhirter,V. C., and Hopkinson, E. C., 1975, Field results of the natural gamma ray spectralog: Canadian Well Logging Society Formation Evaluation Symposium, 5th, Calgary, Alberta, 1975, Transactions, p. S1-S12.



• Wiley, Ralph, and Zittel, R.J., 1982, Natural gamma ray data of various sandstones: Society of Professional Well Log Analysts Annual Logging Symposium, 23d, Corpus Christi, Tex., 1982, Transactions, p. K1-K20.



• Wilson, R.D., Koizumi, C.J., and Dean, S.H., 1985, Spectral gamma-ray calculations with an efficient and accurate radiation transport model: Society of Professional Well Log Analysts Annual Logging Symposium, 26th, Dallas, Tex., 1985, Transactions, p. B1-B13.



• Wilson, R.D., and others, 1979, Spectral gamma-ray logging, II--Borehole correction factors: Society of Professional Well Log Analysts Annual Logging Symposium, 20th, Tulsa, Okla., 1979, Transactions, p. EE1-EE16.



• _____1979, Spectral gamma-ray logging, III--Thin bed and formation effects: Society of Professional Well Log Analysts Annual Logging Symposium, 20th, Tulsa, Okla., 1979, Transactions, p. FF1-FF17.



• Wilson, R.D., and Stromswold, D.C., 1981, Spectral gamma-ray logging studies: Bendix Field Engineering Corporation, 187 p. [Available from National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 as NTIS Report GJBX-21(81).]



• Wollenberg, H.A., and Smith, A.R., 1964, Studies in terrestrial gamma radiation in Adams, J. A. S., and Lowder, W. M., eds., The natural radiation environment: Chicago, University of Chicago Press, p. 513-566.



• Wyatt, D., Jacobson, L.A., Durbin, D., and Lasseter, E., 1992, Logging experience with a new induced gamma spectrometry tool: Society of Professional Well Log Analysts Annual Logging Symposium, 33rd, Oklahoma City, Okla., 1992, Transactions, p. Y1-Y18.



• Wyatt, D.F., Jacobson, L.A., and Hashmy, K., 1993, Elemental yields and complex lithology analysis from the pulsed spectral gamma log: Society of Professional Well Log Analysts Annual Logging Symposium, 34th, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 1993, Transactions, p. UU1-UU25.



• Youngblood, W.E., 1981, The application of natural gamma ray spectrometry log as an aid in log evaluation in Saudi Arabia: Society of Petroleum Engineers of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers Paper SPE 9615, 11 p.