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References
Incident and throughfall bulk precipitation samples were collected near the highest elevations (about 3500 meters) of Deep Creek watershed, a tributary to the Rio Grande in the San Juan Mountains of Southern Colorado. The collection device is a 406-mm diameter cylinder with a plastic bag liner that is constricted to 25 mm to minimize evaporation and isotopic exchange. The collectors are described in detail by Voegeli and Claassen (1971). The incident collector was near the center of a clearing roughly 50 m in diameter. The throughfall collector was nearby in a dense Englemann spruce forest under approximately 100 percent canopy cover.
An early study (Bates and Henry, 1928) estimated mean annual temperature to be near freezing and average annual precipitation to be about 53 cm, more than one-half of which falls as snow. For the time period of this study, estimates of mean annual precipitation are 63 cm for the incident bulk collector and 59 cm for a weighing raingage. A study at a nearby site examined the integrity of the bulk collector for the preservation of oxygen-18 and deuterium isotope composition. It was found that samples collected under ordinary environmental conditions and for periods not in excess of three months would not be modified to a statistically significant extent and would accurately represent the isotopic composition of precipitation (Claassen and Halm, 1994).
The data in the following table were used to develop and calibrate a one-dimensional model that predicts the isotopic enrichment observed in throughfall of snow intercepted on evergreens (Claassen and Downey, 1995).
