Conclusions

ECM results along with isotopic and chemical data support and refine the chronology of the Upper Fremont Glacier ice core.

Based on Del ¹⁸0, ECM running averages, and f-tests, the LIA termination was around 1845 A.D.

Pooling together all the lines of evidence, chronological prediction limits (error bars) were ± 10 years; confidence limits were 2-3 years (90% confidence level).

A conservative estimate for the LIA termination is about 10 years, indicating an abrupt climatic shift in alpine regions of central North America's recent history.